What technique uses synthetic guide RNA to target DNA mutations?

• A. Gene Therapy
• B. CRISPR-Cas9
• C. RNA Interference
• D. Transgenic Engineering

Answer: (B)

The use of synthetic guide RNA to target specific DNA sequences is a hallmark of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This innovative method allows researchers to make precise edits to the genome by leveraging the natural defense mechanism used by bacteria against viruses. In this process, the synthetic guide RNA is designed to match a specific DNA sequence in the genome, leading the Cas9 enzyme to that location. Once there, Cas9 acts as a molecular "scissors" to create a double-strand break in the DNA. This break can then be repaired by the cell's natural repair mechanisms, allowing for various modifications such as gene knockout, insertion, or correction of mutations.

This technique stands out for its efficiency, specificity, and versatility in gene editing compared to other methods. While gene therapy involves delivering genetic material into a patient's cells to treat disease, CRISPR-Cas9 focuses on directly editing the genetic code. RNA interference is a method for regulating gene expression rather than making permanent changes to the DNA sequence. Transgenic engineering refers to the introduction of foreign DNA into an organism's genome, which is a different process than the targeted editing facilitated by CRISPR-Cas9. By utilizing synthetic guide RNA in conjunction with the Cas9 enzyme, CRISPR-C