Which aspect is NOT influenced by gene mutations?

• A. Production of proteins
• B. Cellular functionality
• C. Gene expression pathways
• D. None of the above

Answer: (D)

The correct choice highlights that all the given aspects are indeed influenced by gene mutations. Gene mutations modify the DNA sequence, which can have a direct impact on protein production. A mutation can lead to an altered protein structure, affecting its function or the amount of protein produced. This alteration can also extend to cellular functionality, as changes in protein activity can disrupt normal cellular processes, potentially leading to diseases or developmental issues.

Furthermore, mutations can affect gene expression pathways. They can enhance or silence the expression of genes by altering regulatory sequences or changing the transcription factors that bind to these regions. All these processes are interconnected, and mutations can have cascading effects throughout the cell. Therefore, since gene mutations influence protein production, cellular functionality, and gene expression pathways, the statement that none of these aspects are unaffected by mutations is indeed accurate.