Which of the following is NOT a typical model organism used in genetic studies?

• A. Fruit flies
• B. Mice
• C. Yeast
• D. Dogs

Answer: (D)

The choice of dogs as a model organism is not typical in genetic studies compared to the other options listed. Model organisms are often chosen for their ease of genetic manipulation, short generation times, and well-characterized genomes, which facilitate the study of genetics, development, and diseases.

Fruit flies, or Drosophila melanogaster, are widely used in genetic research due to their rapid life cycle, simple genetics, and the ease with which researchers can analyze mutations and inheritance patterns. Mice, specifically Mus musculus, are extensively utilized for mammalian genetics because of their genetic similarity to humans, well-understood biology, and the ability to create targeted gene modifications. Yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is another prevalent model organism that benefits from its relatively simple eukaryotic structure, rapid growth, and ease of genetic manipulation.

While dogs have been studied in genetics, particularly in relation to breed-specific traits and diseases, they do not offer the same level of control and rapid experimentation as the other organisms listed, making them less optimal for the kinds of extensive genetic studies typically performed.